AP Chemistry: Advanced Chemistry with Vernier

1

Determination of the formula of a compound

Experiment 1: The Determination of a Chemical Formula

• Determine the water of hydration in a copper chloride hydrate sample.

• Conduct a reaction between a solution of copper chloride and solid aluminum.

• Use the results of the reaction to determine the mass and moles of Cu and Cl in the reaction.

• Calculate the empirical formula of the copper chloride compound.

2

Determination of the percentage of water in a hydrate

Experiment 2: The Determination of the Percent Water in a Compound

• Carefully heat a measured sample of a hygroscopic ionic compound.

• Determine the water of hydration of the compound.

• Complete the chemical formula of the compound.

AP Recommended Experiment

Vernier Experiment Name and Objectives

4

Determination of molar mass by freezing-point depression

Experiment 4: Using Freezing-Point Depression to Find Molecular Weight

• Determine the freezing temperature of the pure solvent, lauric acid.

• Determine the freezing temperature of a mixture of lauric acid and benzoic acid.

• Calculate the freezing point depression of the mixture.

• Calculate the molecular weight of benzoic acid.

5

Determination of molar mass of a gas

Experiment 5: The Molar Volume of a Gas

• Measure the gas production of a chemical reaction by a pressure change.

• Determine the molar volume of the gas produced in the reaction.

• Calculate the molar volume of a gas at STP.

6

Standardization of a solution using a primary standard

Experiment 6: Standardizing a Solution of Sodium Hydroxide

• Prepare an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to a target molar concentration.

• Determine the concentration of your NaOH solution by titrating it with a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate, abbreviated KHP, of precise molar concentration.

7

Determination of concentration by acid-base titration, including a weak acid or weak base

Experiment 7: Acid-Base Titration

• Accurately conduct acid-base titrations.

• Determine the equivalence point of a strong acid - strong base titration.

• Determine the equivalence point of a weak acid - strong base titration.

• Calculate the molar concentrations of two acid solutions.

AP Recommended Experiment

Vernier Experiment Name and Objectives

8

Determination of concentration by oxidation-reduction titration

Experiment 8: An Oxidation-Reduction Titration: The Reaction of Fe²⁺ and Ce⁴⁺

• Conduct the potentiometric titration of the reaction between ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate.

• Measure the potential change of the reaction.

• Determine the molar concentration of iron (II) ions in a sample of ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate.

9

Determination of mass and mole relationship in a chemical reaction

Experiment 9: Determining the Mole Ratios in a Chemical Reaction

• Measure the enthalpy change of a series of reactions.

• Determine the stoichiometry of an oxidation-reduction reaction in which the reactants are known but the products are unknown.

10

Determination of the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction

Experiment 10: The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant

• Prepare and test standard solutions of FeSCN²⁺ in equilibrium.

• Test solutions of SCN^– of unknown molar concentration.

• Determine the molar concentrations of the ions present in an equilibrium system.

• Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, K_eq.

11

Determination of appropriate indicators for various acid-base titrations; pH determination

Experiment 11: Investigating Indicators

• Conduct strong acid-strong base titrations using solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, and three different indicator solutions.

• Select the proper indicator to use with a titration involving a weak acid or a weak base, based on your observations and measurements.

AP Recommended Experiment

Vernier Experiment Name and Objectives

12

Determination of the rate of a reaction and its order

Experiment 12: The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

• Conduct the catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under various conditions.

• Calculate the rate constant for the reaction.

• Determine the rate law for the reaction.

• Calculate the activation energy for the reaction.

13

Determination of enthalpy change associated with a reaction

Experiment 13: Determining the Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction

• Use Hess’s Law to determine the enthalpy change of the reaction between aqueous ammonia and aqueous hydrochloric acid.

• Compare your calculated enthalpy change with the experimental results.

14

Separation and qualitative analysis of cations and anions

Experiment 14A: Separation and Qualitative Analysis of Cations

• Prepare and analyze a solution that contains ten selected cations.

• Analyze an unknown solution that contains a selection of cations.

Experiment 14B: Separation and Qualitative Analysis of Anions

• Prepare and analyze a solution that contains six selected anions.

• Analyze an unknown solution that contains a selection of anions.

AP Recommended Experiment

Vernier Experiment Name and Objectives

15

Synthesis of a coordination compound and its chemical analysis

Experiment 15A: The Synthesis of Alum

• Synthesize a sample of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (alum).

• Observe and record the process of synthesizing a compound.

• Calculate the percent yield of your synthesis.

Experiment 15B: The Analysis of Alum

• Determine the melting temperature of a sample of alum.

• Determine the water of hydration of a sample of alum.

• Determine the percent sulfate of a sample of alum.

• Verify the chemical formula of a sample of alum.

16

Analytical gravimetric determination

Experiment 16: Conductometric Titration and Gravimetric Determination of a Precipitate

• Measure the conductivity of the reaction between sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide.

• Use conductivity values as a means of determining the equivalence point of the reaction.

• Measure the mass of a product of the reaction as a means of determining the equivalence point of the reaction gravimetrically.

• Calculate the molar concentration of a barium hydroxide solution.

17

Colorimetric or spectrophotometric analysis

Experiment 17: Determining the Concentration of a Solution: Beer’s Law

• Prepare and test the absorbance of five standard copper (II) sulfate solutions.

• Calculate a standard curve from the test results of the standard solutions.

• Test the absorbance of a copper (II) sulfate solution of unknown molar concentration.

• Calculate the molar concentration of the unknown CuSO₄ solution.

AP Recommended Experiment

Vernier Experiment Name and Objectives

18

Separation by chromatography

Experiment 18: Liquid Chromatography

• Conduct an liquid chromatographic separation.

• Conduct a step gradient chromatographic separation.

• Complete the necessary measurements and calculations to evaluate the components of a mixture that have been separated by liquid chromatography.

19

Preparation and properties of buffer solutions

Experiment 19: Buffers

• Evaluate a standard buffer solution.

• Prepare and test an acid buffer solution.

• Determine the buffer capacity of the standard buffer and the prepared buffer.

20

Determination of electrochemical series

Experiment 20: Electrochemistry: Voltaic Cells

• Prepare a Cu-Pb voltaic cell and measure its potential.

• Test two voltaic cells that use unknown metal electrodes to identify the metals.

• Prepare copper and lead concentration cells, observe, and measure their respective cell potentials.

• Use the Nernst equation to calculate the K_sp of PbI₂.

21

Measurements using electrochemical cells and electroplating

Experiment 21: Electroplating

• Prepare and operate an electrochemical cell to plate copper onto a brass surface.

• Measure the amount of copper that was deposited in the electroplating process.

• Calculate the amount of energy used to complete the electroplating process.

22

Synthesis, purification, and analysis of an organic compound

Experiment 22: The Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin

• Synthesize a sample of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

• Calculate the percent yield of your synthesis.

• Measure the melting temperature of your aspirin sample.

• Conduct a colorimetric analysis of your aspirin sample.